University of Minnesota

   Online Grammar 
  Handbook

   OnlineGrammar.org

             

                   

                                  

                                      

21 Chapters of Links about College Writing,
Grammar, Punctuation, and Research; and Links to
Full-text Literature, Arguments, and 100s of Sample Papers

Long Table of Contents

    

WritingforCollege.org

                       

 Short Table of Contents                

                           

Click on the chapter you want.

                                               

          

A. GETTING STARTED
       1. About This Site 
       2
. Process & Focus 
       3
. Thinking & Reading 
       4
. Literature & Books

New, tablet-friendly,
2012
edition in progress.

          

B. UNITS OF ENGLISH

       5. Choosing Words 

       6. Making Sentences 

       7. Organizing Paragraphs

Bibliography
Makers

and a new video
list in each chapter!

    

C. MECHANICS OF EDITING
    
  8. General Editing 

       9. Spelling 

     10. Punctuation

     11. Grammar Guides

 

          

D. FINDING HELP ONLINE
   
 12. Types of Papers--Directions & Samples 

     13. ESL/NNS/TESOL

     14. Tutors/Writing Centers 

     15. Online Writing Textbooks

What's
Your L
evel
of Writing?

          

Student at Computer

E. ONLINE RESEARCH & BIBLIOGRAPHIES
    
16. Research, Writing, & Plagiarism   

     17. Citation & Documentation (MLA, APA, et al.)  

     18. References & Research Resources

 

          

F. DISCIPLINES & PROFESSIONS
 
    19. Visual Design--Graphics and Space   

     20. Writing in Majors, Disciplines, Professions   

     21. Job/School Applications, Resumes, Covers

 

  

This site is housed at the University of Minnesota. 
However, it may always be found at "OnlineGrammar.org" and "GrammarBook.org."  

Visits as of June 2006:

Free Web Counter

    

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Long Table of Contents (below)
21 Chapters with Descriptions of Each
(In Six Major Sections, A.-F.)
 
                   

                               

Section A., four chapters
GETTING STARTED
Steps, Focus, Thinking, Reading, Literature, & Online Books

                                       
Each chapter is a list of links:

  1. Introduction: About This Web Site

  2. Process and Focus: Focusing, Freewriting, Revising, and Peer Reviewing

  3. Thinking and Reading: How Both Relate to Writing; Online Readings

  4. Writing about Literature, Reading Online: Definitions, Studying and Writing about Literature, and Free Online Readings

                                        
Section B., three chapters
UNITS OF ENGLISH
Using Words, Sentences, and Paragraphs
    

                               
Each chapter is a list of links:

  1. Choosing Words: Types of Words, Homonyms, Synonyms, Antonyms, Commonly Misused Words, etc.

  2. Making Sentences: How to Define, Create, and Edit a Sentence

  3. Organizing Paragraphs: How to Develop Paragraphs; How to Develop Thoughts in Paragraphs

                                        
Section C., four chapters
MECHANICS OF EDITING
Editing, Spelling, Punctuation, & Grammar

                               
Each chapter is a list of links:

  1. General Editing Concerns: Proofreading and General Editing Guides

  2. Spelling: Commonly Misspelled Words, Spelling Patterns, and Other Common Spelling Problems

  3. Punctuation: How to Use Commas, Quotation Marks, Apostrophes, Colons, Semicolons, etc.

  4. Grammar Guides: Full Online Guides and Books about Verbs, Nouns, Agreement, Number, etc.
                        
              See "Ch. 15:
    Online Writing Textbooks" for online books on general writing.

                                        
Section D., four chapters
FINDING HELP
Samples, ESL/NNS, Tutors, and Textbooks
   

                               
Each chapter is a list of links:

  1. Basic Types of College Papers--Directions & Samples: Dozens of Introductory-level College Papers Explained 
                        
              See "Ch. 20: Writing in Majors, Disciplines, & Professions" for papers in
              specific disciplines or professions.
                     
              See "Ch 21: Job/School Applications, Resumes, & Cover Letters" for
              applications, resumes, and cover letter directions and examples..
                              

  2. ESL/NNS Writing: Dozens of Online Resources for speakers of English as a Second Language

  3. Online Tutoring: Online Locations Where Online Tutors May Be Available, Free or for a Fee

  4. Online Writing Textbooks: Complete Writing and Composition Textbooks on the Web
                        

              See "Ch. 11: Grammar Guides
    " for grammar-guidelines books online.

              See "Ch. 18. Online Research Resources: Encyclopedias, Dictionaries,
              Literary Texts, and Expository Readings" for For online reference books,

                                        

student researching at a computer

Section E., three chapters
RESEARCH & BIBLIOGRAPHIES
Researching; MLA, APA, CBE, AP, and Other Styles; and Research Resources
   

                               
Each chapter is a list of links:

  1. Research, Writing, & Plagiarism: Steps of Research and Writing; What to Do and to Avoid

  2. Citation & Documentation: MLA, APA, CHICAGO/TURABIAN, CBE, AP, et al. 

  3. References & Research Resources: Encyclopedias, Dictionaries, Newspapers, and Online Libraries

                                        

       

Section F., three chapters
DISCIPLINES,
PROFESSIONS, & MAJORS
Graphic Design;
Papers in Majors, Disciplines,
& Professions;
Applying for College, Scholarships,
& Jobs
   

                              
Each chapter is a list of links:

  1. Visual Design--Graphics and Space: Using Spaces and Graphic Elements (Pictures, Tables, etc.)

  2. Writing in Majors, Disciplines, Professions: Writing in the Professions, Disciplines, & Majors--Methods, Sample Papers, et al.
               
              For methods and sample papers across multiple disciplines, see "Ch. 12:
              Basic Types of College Papers--Directions & Samples."
                          

  3. Applying for Jobs, College, or Graduate School: Resumes, Application and Cover Letters, Personal Statements, etc.

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Section A.--Four Chapters 
GETTING STARTED
Steps, Focus, Thinking, and Reading

(Click on the chapter's title or scroll down.)

  1. Introduction: About This Web Site

  2. Process and Focus: Focusing, Freewriting, Revising, and Peer Reviewing

  3. Thinking and Reading: How Both Relate to Writing; Online Readings

  4. Writing about Literature, Reading Online: Definitions, Studying and Writing about Literature, and Free Online Readings

                     
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION   
About This Web Site
 (revised 3-12)

    

WELCOME

        Welcome to the Online Grammar Handbook, a useful online directory for writing, speaking, researching, and literary reading!  The Online Grammar Handbook is similar to printed grammar books typically used for college, university, and professional writing in the United States.  However, instead of having one or two authors, the Handbook actually has hundreds: it is a web directory--a web site that directs you to other web sites.  The Online Grammar Handbook gives you access to college, university, textbook, and public web sites throughout the country that offer help with grammar, spelling, punctuation, and the process of writing and research.  The Handbook also presents links to fully online writing books, sample papers by students, argumentative readings, and full-text literary classics. 

                

SELECTION OF LINKS 

        Four guidelines are used in selecting these sites.  First, the sites must be appropriate for college and university undergraduates and graduates and for college-educated professionals.  Second, the sites should be as comprehensive as possible, even while offering specific advice.  Third, the sites should be easily usable.  Fourth, the sites preferably should offer help at several levels, from beginning to advanced.  New sites are added from time to time, and old sites are checked every four to six years to see if they still exist.  If you would like to report a broken link or suggest a new site, please contact the editor.

                

HISTORY OF THE HANDBOOK

        The Handbook originally began as a two-year, 1999-2001 project funded at the University of Minnesota by the College of Liberal Arts Computer and Technology Committee.  The grant was provided to create a large Composition Program web site, part of which was this Handbook.  The Handbook was created in 2000 and first appeared on the Web in January 2001.  At that time, the Handbook then became the University of Minnesota's primary online grammar source, hence its full name, "University of Minnesota Online Grammar Handbook."  In 2005, the Composition Program was combined with writing programs in two other units and with two formerly separate departments to become part of a new department, Writing Studies.  A committee in this new department then chose to develop a newer, much smaller web site for its composition program.  However, the Handbook still remains on the University of Minnesota computer server in the editor's personal alumnus section, and it is updated every four to six years in order to continue serving the many thousands of users who continue to discover and return to it each year.

                

THE EDITOR

        The editor, Richard Jewell, is a writing specialist with tenure in English at Inver Hills Community College in the Twin Cities (Minneapolis-St. Paul) metropolitan area, where he also is lead coordinator of the college's local chapter of the Phi Theta Kappa International Honor Society.  At a state level, Richard is the founder and a co-coordinator of the Minnesota Colleges and Universities English and Writing ("MnCUEW") Annual Conference, website (www.mncuew.org), and listserv.  Before joining the Inver Hills faculty, he was a composition specialist for the University of Minnesota-Twin Cities and taught writing and other courses at public and private colleges and at St. Cloud State University. 

        In addition, he has trained elementary, secondary, and college teachers in how to teach writing, most recently for MnSCU (the Minnesota State Colleges and Universities).  He has taught writing for twenty-eight years and still enjoys it immensely. 

        His articles and stories have been published over one hundred times in popular magazines, and he has had a dozen juried and non-juried essays accepted for academic publication.  One of these, coauthored with Chris Anson, is the lead essay in Moving a Mountain, a co-winner of the 2003 NCTE (National Council of Teachers of English) "CCCC Outstanding Book Award."  Richard also is the author of two full-text Web books, www.WritingforCollege.org and Experiencing the Humanities, and of the web directories Links to the Humanities, Sierra Leone Resources, CollegeLit.org, and College Learning.  In addition, Richard has offered several dozen presentations at state, regional, and national academic conferences.  His curriculum vita/resume is at www.RichardJewell.net.

                

USE OF THE ONLINE GRAMMAR HANDBOOK

        Using the Handbook is simple.  You may go to the beginning of the Handbook--to the "Short Table of Contents"--and click on a chapter there; or you may go to the "Long Table of Contents," read the descriptions there of each section and chapter, and then click on your choice.  Some links lead directly to lessons or readings; others, to lists of other quality sites.  If you have any questions, please contact the editor.

                

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Chapter 2: THE WRITING PROCESS   
Focusing, Freewriting,
Revising, & Peer Reviewing
(rev. 5-12)

                       

General and/or Introductory:

Video:

Specific Information:

Guerilla Grammar: Ask a specific question or type a subject at Ask.com, Bing, Dogpile, Google, or Wikipedia.

                                 

Return to top.

                                  

Chapter 3: THINKING AND READING  
Critical Reading; Online Arguments
(rev. 3-12)  

                       

General/Intro:

Videos about Methods of Critical Reading:

  • College textbook critical reading (SQ4R): LEAP (4 min. 50 sec. in length)

  • College Textbook reading, detailed methods: PenguinProf (9:46)

  • Cornell Notetaking System of reading (and listening to lectures):  KMSTutorial2 (1:29)

  • Critical thinking details in academic research: BrockLSS (4:03)  

  • Critical reading of an article for research in six steps: BrockLSS (2:37)

  • Notetaking in a text: Theebee13 (slide show, 2:13)

  • Reading for research: Midlands (3:47)

Specific Info:

Short Argumentative Readings:

Return to top.

                                  

Chapter 4: WRITING ABOUT LITERATURE;  
                  READING ONLINE BOOKS
   
Definitions, Studying & Writing
about Literature, & Online Books
(rev. 3-12)

                       

General/Intro:

Videos of Literature/Literary Authors:

       Annenberg Learner Series:

       Other Videos:

Specific Info:

Books (et al.) to Read Online:

·        Amazon Books (Click on a book and read the first chapter/pages.)

·        EduChoices (over two dozen free online book libraries)

·        ERIC--US Dept. of Education ("World's largest digital library of education
         literature")

·        Free eBooks (by new and rising authors)

·        Gizmo's (many hundreds of free-books sites, each with multiple books)

·        Gutenberg Project

·        Internet Public Library--9500 online texts, 2300 magazines, journals, world
         newspapers

·        Links to the Humanities

·        Literature Online (Literature and literary criticism)

·        Online Books Library--(Over 1 million full books online –free use allowed)

·        Open Courseware Consortium (multiple schools)

·        OpenCourseware--MIT (over 2000 open-course materials at top US
          university)

·        Page by Page (American and British fiction and nonfiction classics)

·        Public Broadcasting Service (written & video info on 100s of subjects)

·        University of Virginia ("Digital Library")

·        World Public Library ("world's largest eBook provider")

·        WritingforCollege.org  ("Links to Literature")

Return to top.

                           

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Section B.--Three Chapters 
UNITS OF ENGLISH
Using Words,
Sentences, and Paragraphs
(Click on the chapter's title or scroll down.)

  1. Choosing Words: Types of Words, Homonyms, Synonyms, Antonyms, Commonly Misused Words, etc.

  2. Making Sentences: How to Define, Create, and Edit a Sentence

  3. Organizing Paragraphs: How to Develop Paragraphs; How to Develop Thoughts in Paragraphs

                

Chapter 5: CHOOSING WORDS    
Word Choices, Homonyms, Synonyms, Antonyms, & Common Misuse
(rev. 3-12)  

                       

General/Intro:

Video:

Specific Info:

Guerilla Grammar: Ask a specific question or type a subject at Ask.com, Bing, Dogpile, Google, or Wikipedia.

                                 

Return to top.

              

Chapter 6: MAKING SENTENCES (rev. 4-12)
Definition, Development, & Editing of Sentences

                       

General/Intro:

Video & Audio:

Specific Info:

Guerilla Grammar: Ask a specific question or type a subject at Ask.com, Bing, Dogpile, Google, or Wikipedia.

                                 

Return to top.

                                

Chapter 7:  ORGANIZING PARAGRAPHS   
Development of Paragraphs
& of Thoughts in Paragraphs
(rev. 4-12)

                       

General/Intro:

Video:

Specific Info:

Guerilla Grammar: Ask a specific question or type a subject at Ask.com, Bing, Dogpile, Google, or Wikipedia.

                                 

Return to top.

                                  

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     Section C.--Four Chapters 
MECHANICS OF EDITING
Grammar, Spelling,
and Punctuation

(Click on the chapter's title or scroll down.)

  1. General Editing Concerns: Proofreading and General Editing Guides

  2. Spelling: Commonly Misspelled Words, Spelling Patterns, and Other Common Spelling Problems

  3. Punctuation: How to Use Commas, Quotation Marks, Apostrophes, Colons, Semicolons, etc.

  4. Grammar Guides: Full Online Guides and Books about Verbs, Nouns, Agreement, Number, etc.
                       
              See "Ch. 15:
    Online Writing Textbooks" for online
              books on general writing.

        

Chapter 8:  GENERAL EDITING CONCERNS (rev. 4-12)
Editing, Guides, and Proofreading

                       

General/Intro:

Video & Audio:

Specific Info:

Guerilla Grammar: Ask a specific question or type a subject at Ask.com, Bing, Dogpile, Google, or Wikipedia.

                                 

Return to top.

                                   

Chapter 9:  SPELLING
Spelling Patterns, Common Misspellings,
and Other Spelling Problems
(rev. 5-12)

                       

General/Intro:

Video:

  • Basic, practical spelling rules for college (PowerPoint): Capital

  • Common 1st-yr. college misspellings: WhatTravisSays (4:24)

  • Learning disabilities and reading, "How the Brain Reads" (advanced/graduate): Harvard (1:21:59)

  • Learning disabilities/dyslexia and spelling (intro): BonnieTerry238 (4:57), Kennedy/Marshall (6:45), TVNZ (1:45),

  • "Look, say, cover, write" method of learning spelling (basic): HowToSpell.co.uk (3:21)

Specific Info:

Guerilla Grammar: Ask a specific question or type a subject at Ask.com, Bing, Dogpile, Google, or Wikipedia.

                                 

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    .    ?     !  

   ,     :     ;  
               

  '  '     "  "

  -          --

(  )  . . .  [  ]

                 

Chapter 10:  PUNCTUATION 
                      

Use of Commas, Quotation Marks, Apostrophes, Colons, Semicolons, etc. (rev. 5-12)
  

                       

General/Intro:

Video & Audio:

Specific Info:

Guerilla Grammar: Ask a specific question or type a subject at Ask.com, Bing, Dogpile, Google, or Wikipedia.

                                 

Return to top.

                                  

Chapter 11: GRAMMAR GUIDES    
Excellent Online Guides  about Verbs, Nouns, Agreement, Number, etc. (rev. 5-12)
                    
          See also "Ch. 15:
Online Writing Textbooks" for online books on
          general writing.

                       

Basic Guides:

Video & Audio:

College-level Review, Intermediate, & Advanced:

Guerilla Grammar: Ask a specific question or type a subject at Ask.com, Bing, Dogpile, Google, or Wikipedia.

                                 

Return to top.

                                  

     

     Section D.--Four Chapters (Click on the chapter names or scroll down.)
FINDING HELP ONLINE
Online Samples, Tutors, ESL/NNS, and Textbooks
   
  1. Basic Types of College Papers--Directions & Samples: Dozens of Introductory-level College Papers Explained, Many with Samples 
             
              (See "Ch. 20:
    Writing in Majors, Disciplines, & Professions" for papers in
              specific disciplines or professions.)
                     
              (See "Ch 21: Job/School Applications, Resumes, & Cover Letters" for
              applications, resumes, and cover letters.)
                              

  2. ESL/NNS Writing: Dozens of Online Resources for speakers of English as a Second Language

  3. Online Tutoring: Online Locations Where Online Tutors May Be Available, Free or for a Fee

  4. Online Writing Textbooks: Complete Writing and Composition Textbooks on the Web

              (See "Ch. 11: Grammar Guides" for grammar-guidelines books online.)

                                              
              See "Ch. 18. Online Research Resources: Encyclopedias, Dictionaries, Literary  
              Texts, and Expository Readings" for online reference books.)

    

Chapter 12: SAMPLES OF GENERAL COLLEGE PAPERS & METHODS OF WRITING THEM
Dozens of Types of Papers Explained (edited 5-12)
         

          (See also "Ch. 20:
Writing in Majors, Disciplines, & Professions" for papers in
          specific disciplines or professions.)
                 
          (See also "Ch 21: Job/School Applications, Resumes, & Cover Letters" for
          applications, resumes, and cover letters.)

                    
General Sites:     

  • Capital College's Directions and Samples for Simple Papers under "Patterns of Composition": Personal Essay, Narrative or Descriptive, Describing a Process, Comparison/Contrast, Classification/Analysis, Definition, Evaluation/Review, Cause and Effect, Argumentative Essay, Writing about Literature, MLA or APA Research Paper (4-12)

  • Cornell College's Brief, Simple Guides to Writing in Courses: Art History, Classics, Economics & Business, Elementary Education, Geology, German, International Relations, Music Psychology, Science, Spanish, Women's Studies

  • Writing for College: Dozens of Samples and Examples of a Wide Variety of Paper Types

Video & Audio:

Specific Types of Papers:

Return to top.
     
                          

Chapter 13: ESL/NNS/EAP WRITING      
Resources for Nonnative Speakers of English as a Second Language
                   
Return to top.
   
               

 

Chapter 14: ONLINE GRAMMAR ASSISTANCE FROM A TUTOR & GENERAL WRITING CENTERS   
Locations for Online Tutors, Free or for a Fee

       
The following sites offer real help from real individuals, though each requires a turn-around time, usually of a few days.  Many of these sites are primarily for students at their own schools.  

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Chapter 15:  ONLINE WRITING TEXTBOOKS
Complete Writing and Composition Textbooks on the Web
for College Writers
                    

          See "Ch. 11: Grammar Guides
" for grammar-guidelines books online.
                           
              
          See "Ch. 18. Online Research Resources: Encyclopedias, Dictionaries, Literary Texts,
          and Expository Readings" for For online reference books,
                        
Return to top.
                      

 

     student researching at a computer

Section E.--Three Chapters (Click on the chapter names or scroll down.)
ONLINE RESEARCH and BIBLIOGRAPHIES
Researching, MLA, APA, CBE, AP,
and Other Styles and Resources
   

  1. Research, Writing, & Plagiarism: Steps of Research and Writing; What to Do and to Avoid

  2. Citation & Documentation: MLA, APA, CHICAGO/TURABIAN, CBE, AP, et al. 

  3. References & Research Resources: Encyclopedias, Dictionaries, Newspapers, and Online Libraries

                                   

Chapter 16: RESEARCH, WRITING, and PLAGIARISM    
Steps of Research and Writing; What to Do & to Avoid
                   
Return to top.
                     
                 
 
Chapter 17: CITATION AND DOCUMENTATION
Parenthetical and Other Citations, Bibliographies, & Footnotes;

MLA, APA, Chicago/Turabian, CBE, AP, et al. (edited 5-12)

          

GENERAL INTRODUCTION:

BIBLIOGRAPHY MAKERS (The web page asks questions; you answer.  It then writes the bibliography, and you copy it to your paper.

Click here for a discussion of which free bibliography makers may be best, and of NoodleTools by subscription.

Note: "MLA" is for English and Humanities.
"APA" is for Social Sciences and Nursing.
Chicago/Turabian is for History
For other systems, see below.

REFERENCES--MLA (English and Humanities) and APA (Social Sciences and Nursing):

REFERENCES--OTHER STYLES:

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Chapter 18: REFERENCES AND RESEARCH RESOURCES  
Encyclopedias, Dictionaries, Newspapers, & Online Libraries

                           
Why Professors Usually Don't Want Casual Sources such as Wikipedia

References (Dictionaries, Encyclopedias, etc.)

Online Libraries

Newspapers

Other Online Research

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Section F.--Three Chapters (Click on the chapter names or scroll down.)
WRITING FOR
MAJOR & PROFESSION
Writing in Majors, Disciplines, & Professions; Graphic Design; and Applying for Work

  1. Visual Design--Graphics and Space: Using Spaces and Graphic Elements (Pictures, Tables, etc.)

  2. Writing in Majors, Disciplines, Professions: Writing in the Professions, Disciplines, & Majors--Methods, Sample Papers, et al.
               
              For methods and sample papers across multiple disciplines, see "Ch. 12:
              Basic Types of College Papers--Directions & Samples."
                          

  3. Applying for Jobs, College, or Graduate School: Resumes, Application and Cover Letters, Personal Statements, etc.

                                   

Chapter 19: GRAPHICS, SPACES, & TABLES     
Using Spaces and Graphic Elements (Pictures, Tables, etc.)

                 

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Chapter 20: WRITING IN MANY FIELDS & DISCIPLINES   
Writing in the Professions, Majors, and Disciplines
(partly corrected 5-12 as dated below)

                  
Videos:

Across Many Disciplines and Professions:

Specific Disciplines & Professions:

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Chapter 21: APPLYING FOR JOBS, COLLEGE, OR GRADUATE SCHOOL     
Resumes, Application and Cover Letters, Personal Statements, etc.

                    
The following sites provide written guidelines to help you develop your resume, write a cover letter, create a personal statement for graduate school, and the like.

Return to top.

Editor: Richard Jewell, Inver Hills College, Minnesota State Colleges and Universities (MnSCU)   
Originally published by the Univ. of Minnesota English Department's Composition Program Web Site
First date of publication: January 1, 2001.  Most recent update: 12 May 2012
URL: http://www.umn.edu/home/jewel001/grammar   

Editor

To contact the author, go to Contact Richard Jewell.  
Requests, reports of broken links, and suggestions are welcome.

                                                    

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