1. What kind(s) of cell division do prokaryotes do?
2. What kind(s) of cell division do eukaryotes do?
3. What is the difference between the life cycle of a cell, and the life cycle of a sexually reproducing animal?
4. To which part of a chromosome do spindle fibers attach?
5. What are the stages of the cell cycle?
6. What are the stages of mitosis?
7. What makes up a chromosome?
8. What is mitosis?
9. Explain the FUNCTION(S) of mitosis.
10. In which plant tissue(s) does mitosis occur?
11. In which adult animal tissue(s) does mitosis occur?
12. How does the process of cytokinesis differ between animal and plant cells?
13. How many cells are present at the end of mitosis?  What is the ploidy of the cells at the end of mitosis?
14. Explain the difference between sister chromatids and homologous chromosomes.

1. What are the stages and phases of meiosis?
2. What distinguishing DNA event do prophase of mitosis and meiosis have in common?
3. In what type of cells does meiosis occur?
4. What type of cells are produced by meiosis?
5. What is the general name of the organs where meiosis occurs?
6. What type of chromosomes form a tetrad?  When does it form?
7. How does interkinesis differ from interphase?
8. How many cells are present at the end of meiosis?  What is the ploidy of the cells at the end of meiosis?
9. What is meiosis?
10. Explain the FUNCTION(S) of meiosis.
11. How is synapsis significant in terms of meiotic function(s)?
12. Give the phase of mitosis or meiosis or the cell cycle described in the questions below:
• The nuclear membrane is intact, chromosomes are uncoiled, and DNA is being replicated:
• The cytoplasm divides in 2 haploid daughter cells:
• Nuclear membranes reform, chromosomes uncoil, the cytoplasm divides into 4 gametes:
• Sister chromatids line up on the equator of the cell:
• Synapsis and crossing over occur:
• Reduction division occurs:
• In mitosis, chromatids split at the centromere and move apart:
• In meiosis, chromatids split at the centromere and move apart:
13. What gamete types can an individual with this genotype produce? AaBbccDDeeFf

1. Define and distinguish between the terms "gene" and "allele".
2. Define and distinguish between the terms "genotype" and "phenotype".
3. Define the terms "dominant" and "recessive".
4. What are the two possible genotypes of an individual that displays the dominant phenotype?
5. What is the only possible genotype of an individual that displays the recessive phenotype?
6. What does it mean to be:

a) phenotypically dominant? b) homozygous recessive? c) heterozygous?.
7. Using terms that you defined above, explain what two types of parent individuals are always used in a test cross.  Explain what specific information is gained in a test cross.
8. Match the genetic terms:  (Some have multiple answers and answers can be used more than once.)

a) Dihybrid cross __________                             AA x aa             AABB x aabb
b) Monohybrid cross, two heterozygotes _____       aa                       Aa       x Aa
c) Homozygous condition ________                   AA                      AaBb  x AaBb
d) Heterozygous condition _________               Aa                       AaBb  x AAbb
e) True-breeding parents __________               AA x AA
9. Two rugrats with brown eyes are mated and have 100 offspring - 76 have brown eyes and 24 have pink eyes.  What is the most likely genotype of each parent?  (Use “E” and “e”.)
10. Answer this question using the results of the previous question.  A rugrat with brown eyes is mated to a rugrat with pink eyes.

a) What are all of the possible genotype(s) for each parent?
b) If these rugrats have an offspring with pink eyes, what are the actual genotypes of the parents?
11. Draw one homologous chromosome pair (after replication) for the following linked genotype:  AaBb.
12. I am willing to try to arrange to meet with students who have questions on the course material - all you have to do is ask.  You are also welcome to email questions to me.  boet0027@tc.umn.edu

• Linked genes, being on the same chromosome, cannot assort independently of each other.
• The meiotic basis of Mendel’s principles is seen in the parallel behavior of gene and chromosomes in meiosis I.  The separation of members of each homologous pair of chromosomes during meiotic anaphase I results in the segregation of alleles.
• The independent alignment of each pair of homologues on the spindle at meiotic metaphase I followed by disjunction accounts for the independent assortment of nonallelic genes present on different chromosome pairs.

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