PROPOSED SAFEGUARDS
FOR
LIFE-ENDING DECISIONS


{alternative title for this section of our website:}

AN ORGANIZED CATALOG OF PROPOSED SAFEGUARDS

    This section of our website lists about 30 proposed safeguards
with their discussion
pro and con.
We expect this to become the largest part of our website.

   Since the following list of safeguards might seem overwhelming,
we should remind ourselves that only some of these proposed safeguards
will be required by any law that includes safeguards.
And if a law merely suggests possible safeguards,
this will allow the people who are planning a voluntary death or a merciful death
to choose the most appropriate safeguards for their specific situation.
Also some safeguards would be incompatible with others on this list.
Thus, even in the use of safeguards, choices must be made.
Which of the following proposed safeguards
would create the greatest benefits while imposing the lightest burdens?

    The original formulations of these proposed safeguards was created by James Park.
Many were originally published in a small book called
Ten Safeguards for Life-Ending Decisions.
These safeguards have been modified and expanded by the author for this website.
Additional safeguards may be suggested by anyone in the world.
Safeguards formulated by other authors will be so credited.
So, unless otherwise indicated, these safeguards have been written by James Park.

    All safeguards are open to re-formulation.
Suggestions for improvements are welcome.
Even the name of each safeguard might be improved.
When suggestions cannot be reasonable incorporated into the original formulation,
links will be provided to alternative formulations,
which will be credited to their authors.

    Links will eventually be created from the bottom of each safeguard.
These links will discuss the pros and cons of each safeguard.
What benefits will be assured by this safeguard?
What new problems will be created by this safeguard?

    There might also be links to the legal formulations
of each safeguard in particular state and national laws.
However, most laws and proposed laws do not explain the safeguards.
Rather they depend on brief definitions and short phrases.
Thus, these extended explanations of the safeguards
might become parts of the debates about safeguards for life-ending decisions.
As a beginning, here is a listing of some existing laws and proposed laws
with links to the safeguards they use:
http://www.tc.umn.edu/~parkx032/SG-LAWS.html

    And where safeguards are already operating,
we will benefit from reports of how well (or how poorly)
each specific safeguard has worked in practice.

    Other articles discussing the use of safeguards for life-ending decisions
can also be linked from here.
Please write such articles and/or suggest links for articles already on the Internet.
Examples of such articles might be:
What safeguards did Jack Kevorkian use?
The best ways to incorporate safeguards into state and national laws.
How would particular safeguards have changed famous cases in the right-to-die?



    SAFEGUARDS TO BE FULFILLED BY PHYSICIANS
        AND OTHER PROFESSIONAL CONSULTANTS

       PHYSICIAN'S STATEMENT OF CONDITION AND PROGNOSIS
           
       INDEPENDENT PHYSICIAN REVIEWS THE CONDITION AND PROGNOSIS

       INFORMATION ABOUT PALLIATIVE CARE
            AND OTHER ALTERNATIVES TO DEATH

       HOSPITAL OR HOSPICE ENROLLMENT

       STATEMENTS WRITTEN BY HOSPITAL OR HOSPICE STAFF MEMBERS

       PALLIATIVE CARE TRIAL

       CERTIFICATION OF TERMINAL ILLNESS OR INCURABLE CONDITION

       PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSULTANT EVALUATES
           THE PATIENT'S ABILITY TO MAKE MEDICAL DECISIONS

            
       ETHICS COMMITTEE REVIEWS THE LIFE-ENDING DECISION

      
PHYSICIANS REVIEW THE COMPLETE DEATH-PLANNING RECORDS

       PHYSICIAN AGREES TO PROVIDE LIFE-ENDING CHEMICALS

       SPECIFICALLY-LICENCED TERMINAL-CARE PHYSICIAN
          AGREES TO PROVIDE LIFE-ENDING CHEMICALS



    SAFEGUARDS TO BE FULFILLED BY THE PATIENT

       THE PATIENT MUST BE AN ADULT RESIDENT OF THE STATE

       ADVANCE DIRECTIVE FOR MEDICAL CARE

       REQUESTS FOR DEATH FROM THE PATIENT

       INFORMED CONSENT FROM THE PATIENT

       UNBEARABLE SUFFERING

       UNBEARABLE PSYCHOLOGICAL SUFFERING
      
       WAITING PERIODS BEFORE DEATH IS PERMITTED

       OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE PATIENT TO RESCIND THE LIFE-ENDING DECISION

       THE PATIENT MUST BE CONSCIOUS AND ABLE TO ACHIEVE DEATH

       NOTIFY FAMILY OF LIFE-ENDING DECISION
      



    SAFEGUARDS TO BE FULFILLED BY PROXIES FOR THE PATIENT
        AND/OR FAMILY MEMBERS

      
STATEMENTS OF UNDERSTANDING AND SUPPORT FROM OTHERS

       FAMILY MEMBERS DISCUSS THE LEVEL OF PERSONHOOD IN THE PATIENT

      
REQUESTS FOR DEATH FROM THE PROXIES

       STATEMENTS FROM FAMILY MEMBERS
            AFFIRMING OR QUESTIONING THE CHOSEN DEATH

       STATEMENTS FROM ADVOCATES FOR DISADVANTAGED GROUPS
             IF INVITED BY THE PATIENT AND/OR THE PROXIES




    SAFEGUARDS TO BE FULFILLED BY MEMBERS OF THE CLERGY

       A MEMBER OF THE CLERGY APPROVES OR QUESTIONS THE CHOICE FOR DEATH

       RELIGIOUS OR OTHER MORAL PRINCIPLES
            APPLIED TO THIS LIFE-ENDING DECISION


   


    SAFEGUARDS TO BE FULFILLED BY THE PROSECUTING AUTHORITY
       AND OTHER GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS AND COMMITTEES
      
       REPORT TO THE PROSECUTOR BEFORE THE DEATH TAKES PLACE


       CIVIL AND CRIMINAL PENALTIES FOR CAUSING PREMATURE DEATH

       MONITORING COMMITTEE OF DIVERSE CITIZENS




    SAFEGUARDS TO BE FULFILLED BY THE DEATH-PLANNING COORDINATOR

       COMPLETE RECORDING AND SHARING OF ALL MATERIAL FACTS AND OPINIONS

       KEEPING GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS, THE MEDIA,
            & OTHERS STRANGERS OUT OF THE LOOP

       THE DEATH-PLANNING COORDINATOR ORGANIZES THE SAFEGUARDS



Created November 2006; Revised 11-24-2006,
1-3-2007, 1-17-2007, 1-19-2007, 1-23-2007; 1-24-2007; 1-25-2007;
2-13-2007; 2-17-2007; 3-1-2007; 3-2-2007; 3-8-2007; 3-18-2007;
4-13-2007;
8-23-2007; 9-26-2007; 10-3-2007;
4-4-2008



A CATALOG OF
 WORRIES, PROBLEMS, DANGERS, PERILS, ABUSES, & MISTAKES

POSSIBLE UNDER ANY SYSTEM PERMITTING CHOSEN DEATH

    This is a collection of the objections and challenges
raised by opponents of the right-to-die.
Each worry about mistakes and abuses
is linked to the specific safeguards above,
which would best prevent those dangers and avoid those perils.



Return to the opening page for
Safeguards for Life-Ending Decisions.




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An Existential Philosopher's Museum







The views and opinions expressed in this page are strictly those of the page author.
The contents of this page have not been reviewed or approved by the University of Minnesota.