Have you ever felt the nameless dread?
Terror and anguish without a cause?
This article gives a name and a careful description
to the nameless threat, our free-floating anxiety,
which we have all felt but perhaps not faced.

     First we must separate existential anxiety
from ordinary fears as clearly as possible.
Then, how do we cope with anxiety?
And is it possible to live beyond angst?

OUTLINE:

I. FEAR & ANXIETY: FIVE DIFFERENCES
    1. Description.
    2. Cause.
    3. Duration.
    4. Scope.
    5. Cure.
II. HOW EXISTENTIAL ANXIETY SHOWS ITSELF
III. ATTEMPTING TO COPE WITH EXISTENTIAL ANXIETY
IV. FREEDOM FROM ANGST

    We may summarize the five basic differences
between simple fear and existential anxiety in the following ways:

FIVE DIMENSIONS OF SIMPLE FEAR

1. Psychological response to danger.

2. Caused by specific threats;
we know why we are afraid;
approaches from a certain quarter.

3. Temporary—lasts only while
the danger is present; may pass by.

4. Limited to the values
that can be reached by the threat.

 5. We know how to cope with fear:
fight or flight.

FIVE DIMENSIONS OF EXISTENTIAL ANXIETY

1. Free-floating 'terror'.

2. No intelligible cause or source;
we don't know why we are 'afraid';
'comes from' everywhere and nowhere.

3.Permanent—ever-renewed inner
state-of-being; does not pass away.

4. Pervades our whole being;
unlimited menace; touches everything.

5. Nothing we do will overcome anxiety;
psychological techniques are useless.

I. FEAR & ANXIETY: FIVE DIFFERENCES

     Fears have many causes.
Life is filled with dangers, worries, threats, & perils.
And we normally respond to such fears appropriately.

     But below the fears and dangers that we can easily understand
lies a deeper "worry without a cause"—existential anxiety.
If we clarify our simple fears and worries, we may uncover angst.
There are five basic differences between them:

     1. Description.  We become afraid when something we value
is threatened by a specific object or possibility we can name
and whose destructive potential we clearly understand.

     Existential anxiety pervades our whole being,
waiting for an unguarded moment to possess us entirely.
We prefer even a terrifying fear of something we understand
to this uncaused, inexplicable, free-floating angst.
When we are anxious in the dark, we gladly turn on the light,
even tho this might reveal something that is actually threatening us.
Discovering "nothing to be afraid of" does not switch off anxiety;
it merely shows our fears were groundless, which may increase our anxiety.
Nothing out-there-in-the-world is going to hurt us, but we still tremble.

    2. Cause.  Fears always arise from specific dangers.
To be afraid means that we understand that something we value
is threatened by some person, event, situation, or possibility.

     If we experience groundless 'fears' or unintelligible 'worries',
if we don't know how 'the menace' is going to harm us,
perhaps our feeling is not fear but existential anxiety (angst).
We cannot find a specific threat approaching from a definite direction.
'The menace' is everywhere and nowhere; it stifles our breath.
We cannot flee this uncaused anxiety—unless we flee from ourselves.
We can grasp fears with our minds, but anxiety grips us from within.

     3. Duration.  Most dangers are temporary; they pass by.
Fear rises as the danger approaches;
then it subsides as the danger recedes:
The truck may turn aside; the tumor may prove benign;
the rival lover may become less enticing.

     But existential anxiety is permanent; it does not pass away,
because it arises from within ourselves, not from situations in the world.
Our free-floating internal terror lurks continuously
just beneath the surface of life, waiting to take a good bite.

     4. Scope.  In genuine fear, specific, limited values are threatened.
Only some of the things we value are in danger, while others remain safe.
All fears (except dying) can be isolated to one dimension of life.

     But our free-floating anxiety reaches farther than fear;
it embraces more of our existence, touches all of life.
Often we try to isolate our anxiety by treating it as simple fear
—by attempting to find a cause or explanation for our terror.

     Fears arise from temporary threats to limited sectors of our values;
but anxiety is a total, comprehensive, all-embracing, permanent threat.
Every element of life is unspeakably brittle.
Our whole life is a snow-flake in a warm hand.
'The nothing' waits within to possess us entirely.

    5. Cure.  Whenever we are afraid, we know what to do.
Because the threat is limited (4 above), we have a safe place to stand.
Because the danger may pass (3), waiting may be the best response.
Because the danger approaches from a certain quarter (2),
we know which way to turn to meet the threat or to evade it.
And because we understand the psychology of fear (1),
we can react in ways appropriate to each specific danger.

     But if we cannot eliminate our 'fear', we may be struggling with anxiety.
When we try to grasp this inexplicable terror, it slips thru our fingers.
We want to objectify our free-floating anxiety into a concrete fear.

     In everyday experience, fear and anxiety are often mixed together.
But now that we have outlined the differences between them,
we can ask how much of a 'fearful' experience is genuine fear
—which can be handled, corrected, overcome by appropriate methods—
and how much is our underlying free-floating anxiety.

II. HOW EXISTENTIAL ANXIETY SHOWS ITSELF

     Our anxiety usually hides behind ordinary fears and worries.
And we can detect anxiety by the ways it distorts and exaggerates
what would otherwise be psychological problems we could deal with:

     Whatever reasonable fears and worries we may have
can be exaggerated by our existential anxiety.
Whenever we are terrified beyond what is explained by actual dangers,
we may be projecting our angst onto external threats.

     Our existential anxiety can also create phantom fears:
Are we pursued in the dark by impossible monsters?
Or do we have dreams of horror, danger, menace, threat?
Even in our waking hours, we may sometimes dream up
unlikely dangers to explain our anxiety to ourselves.

     Our anxiety may also appear as fear of the future.
Perhaps we do not focus on any particular danger in the future,
but the very openness of the future may feel threatening.

III. ATTEMPTING TO COPE WITH EXISTENTIAL ANXIETY

     Because anxiety is such a common way to experience our Malaise,
we have many ways of attempting to cope with it:
We attempt to transform it into fear by finding a 'cause'.
We develop complex psychological models to account for our anxiety.
We turn away from freedom and spirit; we desensitize ourselves.
We weave security blankets and construct dams against anxiety.
We claim that existential anxiety is a mistake or an illusion.
We create and enjoy order and beauty to cover our underlying anxiety.
We harness our existential anxiety as the driving force for our lives.

IV. FREEDOM FROM ANGST

     Existential peace is not a form of unconsciousness,
not unawareness resulting from tuning-out or covering-up our anxiety.
In fact, the same sensitivity that brought us awareness of anxiety
now informs us that we are free of our Existential Malaise.
The deepest tone of our being is peace rather than angst.

     This transformation is a gift, not an achievement.
We open ourselves for Peace in three profound movements of spirit:
(1) We acknowledge our deep caughtness in angst.
(2) We give up our self-reliant attempts to cast off anxiety.
(3) We comprehensively commit and surrender ourselves.

1.  What specific situations make you afraid?

2.  Have your most significant fears changed as you get older?

3.  Can you rank the worries of your life from least to greatest?

4.  Have you felt free-floating anxiety—unconnected with real dangers?

5.  Have you sometimes confused ordinary fears with underlying anxiety?

6.  Do you notice that when you live more deeply, you are more anxious?

7.  How do ordinary fears and existential anxiety interact in your life?

8.  Have you tried to overcome anxiety by methods appropriate for fear?

9.  Have you noticed manifestations of existential anxiety in others?

10. Have you noticed exaggerated fears or phantom fears in yourself?

11. What are your favorite methods of coping with anxiety?

12. Have you ever tasted existential peace?

13. If you have experienced freedom from anxiety,
        how did you open yourself for it?

   This article was adapted by the author
from a chapter in his small book called:
Opening to Grace: Transcending Our Spiritual Malaise:
http://www.tc.umn.edu/~parkx032/OG.html

AUTHOR:

    James Park is an existential philosopher
and author of five books in existential spirituality,
all of which will be found in the Existential Spirituality Bibliography:
http://www.tc.umn.edu/~parkx032/B-XSP.html

    The Existential Spirituality Bibliography
also reviews several books by Soren Kierkegaard,
most notably his book on the same theme: The Concept of Anxiety.

    Much more information about James Park
will be found on his home page:
An Existential Philosopher's Museum:
http://www.tc.umn.edu/~parkx032/

    James Park  Our Existential Predicament:
Loneliness, Depression, Anxiety, & Death
(Minneapolis, MN: www.existentialbooks.com, 2001—4th edition)
Chapter 6 "Existential Anxiety: Angst" p. 89-149.
http://www.tc.umn.edu/~parkx032/XP.html
This chapter is also published as a separate book:
http://www.tc.umn.edu/~parkx032/AX.html

    Of all the people in your computer
(actually the people listed in your address book),
which ones are most anxious
—and hence most likely to appreciate
"Existential Anxiety: Angst"?
Perhaps you have 3 or 5 friends in cyber-space
who would benefit from reading this article.
You might include a note explaining
why you believe this article would interest them.

    You might simply send the URL of this article:
http://www.tc.umn.edu/~parkx032/HMS-SR7.html.

The views and opinions expressed in this page are strictly those of the page author.
The contents of this page have not been reviewed or approved by the University of Minnesota.