Selected and reviewed by James Park, existential philosopher and sexologist.

1. John Money 
The Adam Principle:
Genes, Genitals, Hormones, & Gender:
Selected Readings in Sexology

(Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books, 1993)       364 pages

     This is a collection of scientific papers
discussing many variations of sex and gender.

(The Roman numerals beginning each paragraph indicate the variations
discussed in each of the related bibliographies
which are listed at the end of this bibliography.)

     (I) ambiguity of biological sex caused by unusual chromosomes
and various syndromes caused by unusual hormone-mixes and insensitivities
that lead to unusual sexual morphology and perhaps psychology.
Some children born intersexed were raised as girls, others as boys,
demonstrating the power of sex-assignment and rearing.
These individuals who were born between the sexes
were followed with respect to the following behaviors: fantasy, dating,
sexual behavior, marriage, & reproduction or parenthood by adoption.

     (II) transsexualism, the impact of sexual birth defects
on the male/female self-designation of the individuals
and their later requests for sex-changes.

     (V) sexual orientation: Is adult heterosexuality,
homosexuality, or bisexuality affected by the following factors?
sexual birth defects; a period of uncertainty about one's sex;
pre-natal hormones; being the sex-partner of a pedophile;
situational homosexuality in prison?

     (VI) Transvestism is discussed mainly
in the chapter on gynemimesis—men imitating women.

     John Money has laid the groundwork
for at least the next generation of sexology.

2. Robert J. Stoller, MD 
Sex and Gender:
On the Development of Masculinity and Femininity

(New York: Science House, 1968)       383 pages

     A Freudian psychoanalyst looks at several variations
from standard sex and gender: transsexuals, cross-dressers,
people with unusual sex-scripts, homosexuals, bisexuals,
people assigned to the wrong sex at birth, and intersex individuals.

     Some of the Freudian presuppositions mar the book:
Most variations should be traced to the mother.
Women suffer from "penis envy".
People who are interested in art and music are "feminine".
Stoller suffers from several common confusions of sex and gender
in this book, but he changed his mind in later books.
Thus this book now stands as part of the history of attempting
to understand variations of sex and gender.

3. Robert J. Stoller, MD
Perversion: The Erotic Form of Hatred

(New York: Pantheon, 1975)
(reprint: London, UK: Karnac Books, 1986)       240 pages

     Stoller takes another look at several unusual sexual behaviors
(homosexuality, cross-dressing, transsexualism, pornography),
but he does not successfully formulate a comprehensive theory.
Childhood trauma, resulting in hostility and hatred, probably explains
only some of the unusual sex-scripts touched on in this book.
Some historical beginnings of exploration into imprinted sex-scripts.

4. Robert J. Stoller, MD 
Presentations of Gender

(New Haven, CT: Yale UP, 1985)       219 pages

     Continuing the observations contained in the earlier books,
Stoller draws on further years of experience with clients
who came to him with "gender disorders", an expression
that seems to cover any variation from standard sex or gender:
boys who were 'feminine', transsexuals, cross-dressers,
homosexuals, & people with sexual 'fetishes'.
The analysis continues to be basically Freudian,
looking for the smothering mother to explain these variations.
Stoller continues to confuse a number of phenomena
which this reviewer believes are independent.  (See James Park's
Variations of Sex and Gender: Six Phenomena Frequently Confused.)
Stoller believes that the close-binding mother is going to make
her sons 'feminine', especially if the father is absent or weak.
Perhaps these beliefs originated with Freud,
but they still have a strong hold on the popular mind.
Stoller seems to put the variations (for boys) on a single continuum:
(1) becoming 'feminine',
(2) cross-dressing,
(3) becoming homosexual,
(4) becoming a male-to-female transsexual.
But these phenomena are probably independent of one another,
arising from different sources:
(1) Femininity is enculturated over years of socialization.
(2) Cross-dressing occurs for several different reasons.
(3) Homosexual sex-scripts (as well as hetero) are imprinted.
(4) And male/female self-designation ("I am a boy." or "I am a girl.")
is imprinted before age 18 months.
If Stoller had lived long enough to approach his clients
using these new hypotheses,
he might have made much better sense of what they were experiencing.

5. Pat Califia 
Public Sex: The Culture of Radical Sex

(San Francisco, CA: Cleis Press, 1994)       264 pages
(ISBN: 0-939416-88-3; hardcover)
(ISBN: 0-939416-89-1; paperback)
(Library of Congress call number: HQ76.4.U5354 1994)

    This is a collection of journalistic pieces created for the gay press,
discussing the cutting edge of sexual behavior, 1977-1994:
pornography (gay, lesbian, & straight); lesbian sexuality;
right-wing feminists against pornography; censorship laws;
age of consent for sex; men having sex with boys;
sadomasochism; sale of all forms of sexual services;
gender-bending; multiple sexual partners; & more.

    In every case, Califia argues for more freedom, not less.
People should be allowed to be sexual in any ways that please them.
But they do need to consider the rights of others.

6. Brett Beemyn & Mickey Eliason, editors
Queer Studies: A Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, & Transgender Anthology

(New York: New York University Press, 1996)       318 pages
(ISBN: 0-8147-1257-6; hardcover)
(ISBN: 0-8147-1258-4; paperback)
(Library of Congress call number: HQ76.25.Q385 1996)

    Twenty academics with some variation of sex and/or gender
explore the many dimensions of these variations.
They are all sympathetic to GBLTs.
But none of these essays attempts to explain the phenomena.
Rather, the book is more political, attempting to deal with
social oppression based on variations of sex and gender.

    There is deep concern about the best concepts for each variation,
for example how different racial and ethnic groups deal with lesbianism.

    There is no discussion of the sexuality
of people who have variations of sex and gender.
That is all left implicit and understood,
perhaps because the authors assume that the only readers
will be people who already understand everything
about their variant sexual feelings and behavior.
If all the readers are gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender,
they need no exploration of these phenomena.
Rather, they need to work on their common oppression.

    There is some discussion of the disputes
within the collection of all people
who have some variation of sex and/or gender,
for example conflicts between lesbian and bisexual women.
Each sub-group claims to be
more marginalized and erased than the others.

    This anthology gives a few glimpses into the minds of
college professors who participate in the various communities
of people who have some variation of sex and gender.
But it adds little to the understanding of the phenomena.

7. Gordene Olga MacKenzie 
Transgender Nation

(Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green University Popular Press, 1994)       190 pages
(ISBN: 0-87972-596-6; hardcover)
(ISBN: 0-87927-597-4; paperback)
(Library of Congress call number: HQ77.M54 1994)

     This book supports all variations of sex and gender.
It is written from within the emerging sub-culture itself.
The author has had considerable contact with individuals in New Mexico
who vary from standard patterns of sex and gender in several ways.

     As of the early 1990s, there was already a movement
within the 'transgender nation' away from conceptions
imposed by the scientific and medical establishments.
People were beginning to claim the right to live
as any sex or gender they pleased
—with or without the approval and/or physical help
of the medical profession.
Increasingly, these individuals were merely living as the other sex
if that seemed right to them.

     This is another addition to the literature of transsexualism
from the perspective of the transsexuals themselves.
Each person with some variation of sex and/or gender
usually develops some personal explanation
before he or she begins any scientific reading
or begins to consult any professionals.
The author favors transsexual persons remaining active
in the 'gender' community
rather than fading into the population as unremarkable males and females.

[last]. James Park
Variations of Sex & Gender:
Six Phenomena Frequently Confused

    Most of us have standard patterns of sex and gender,
but human persons come in infinite variety.
This book-in-progress explores six areas of variation:

(1) biological sex—female, male, or in-between;

(2) male/female self-designation—women, men, & transsexuals;

(3) sex-roles—everyday behavior assigned on the basis of sex;

(4) gender-personalities—thousands of possible gender-patterns;

(5) sexual orientation—heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual;

(6) transvestism—several different reasons for cross-dressing.

Projected publication date: 2008.

    This bibliography is related to several others in sexology.
Here is the complete list: